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  1. CLS,1,25,7,0
  2. 18,0,15,0,"DAY 4:  DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (cont)"
  3. MAIN,NULL
  4. CLS,1,25,0,1
  5. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,1
  6. 3,0,2,1,"█████  █   █  █████  █████"
  7. 4,0,2,1,"  █    █   █  █   █  █    "
  8. 5,0,2,1,"  █    █████  █████  ████ "
  9. 6,0,2,1,"  █      █    █      █    "
  10. 7,0,2,1,"  █      █    █      █████"
  11. 9,8,3,1,"In the previous lesson we created a data file by using the"
  12. 10,8,3,1,"COPY CON:FILENAME command.  But once the file is created, how do you"
  13. 11,8,3,1,"see what you have stored in that file?  The TYPE command is what"
  14. 11,52,13,1,"TYPE"
  15. 12,8,3,1,"you would use to display the information you have saved."
  16. SPACE,1,3
  17. 14,8,5,1,"It is an easy command to use.  The syntax is TYPE filename.  That's"
  18. 14,53,14,1,"TYPE filename"
  19. 15,8,5,1,"all there is to it.  TYPE is not exactly the best word they could"
  20. 16,8,5,1,"have chosen here.  DISPLAY would have been much better, because"
  21. 17,8,5,1,"now we are stuck with the awkwardness of trying to tell you that"
  22. 18,8,5,1,"to use this command you type TYPE filename.  Ah well, such is the"
  23. 18,32,14,1,"type TYPE filename"
  24. 19,8,5,1,"life of computers!"
  25. SPACE,1,5
  26. CLS,1,25,0,2
  27. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,2
  28. 3,8,0,2,"Let's see what is currently stored in our data file.  The name of"
  29. 4,8,0,2,"the file was TEST.DOC.  Use the TYPE command to see the data stored"
  30. 5,8,0,2,"in that file."
  31. 7,8,1,2,"A>"
  32. INPUT,2,7,10,ANY
  33. IF,2,NOT,TYPE TEST.DOC,7,40,15,2,"TRY:  TYPE TEST.DOC"
  34. IF,2,NOT,TYPE TEST.DOC,7,10,0,2,"                   "
  35. IF,2,NOT,TYPE TEST.DOC,INPUT,2,7,10,EXACT,TYPE TEST.DOC
  36. 8,8,1,2,"THIS IS TEST LINE 1"
  37. 9,8,1,2,"THIS IS TEST LINE 2"
  38. 10,8,1,2,"HEY, THIS REALLY WORKS!"
  39. 11,8,1,2,"A>"
  40. SPACE,2,1
  41. 15,8,0,2,"How do you like that... it actually worked.  This was a small file"
  42. 16,8,0,2,"so we were able to see it all at once.  But if it had been a long"
  43. 17,8,0,2,"file, you could have used your ^NUMLOCK key to pause the screen"
  44. 18,8,0,2,"when necessary. (Remember from way back?  Ctrl-Numlock is the"
  45. 19,8,0,2,"'pause the computer' command!)."
  46. SPACE,2,0
  47. CLS,1,25,0,3
  48. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,3
  49. 3,8,1,3,"Speaking of which, do you remember when we presented that test"
  50. 4,8,1,3,"file way back there of 100 lines, so that you could test the ^NUMLOCK"
  51. 5,8,1,3,"function?  How did we get that file to show on the screen?  We used"
  52. 6,8,1,3,"the TYPE command!  That test file was a file that we made with the"
  53. 7,8,1,3,"COPY CON:filename command (well, something LIKE that command anyway),"
  54. 8,8,1,3,"and then we used the TYPE filename command to show it to you!"
  55. SPACE,3,1
  56. 10,8,0,3,"Let's do the same thing again, but this time we will let you enter"
  57. 11,8,0,3,"the TYPE command directly.  The name of the file is CT1AUX1.DAT."
  58. 12,8,1,3,"A>"
  59. INPUT,2,12,10,ANY
  60. IF,2,NOT,TYPE CT1AUX1.DAT,12,40,10,3,"TRY:  TYPE CT1AUX1.DAT"
  61. IF,2,NOT,TYPE CT1AUX1.DAT,12,10,1,3,"                       "
  62. IF,2,NOT,TYPE CT1AUX1.DAT,INPUT,2,12,10,EXACT,TYPE CT1AUX1.DAT
  63. 13,1,1,3,""
  64. SHELL,TYPE CT1AUX1.DAT
  65. SPACE,3,1
  66. CLS,1,25,1,7
  67. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,7
  68. 3,0,1,7,"REDIRECTION"
  69. 7,8,4,7,"Perhaps you're wondering what the < and > do."
  70. 8,8,4,7,"Why are they necessary?   Well, those signs can mean many different"
  71. 9,8,4,7,"things to your computer, depending upon when and where they are used."
  72. SPACE,7,4
  73. 11,8,1,7,"In BASIC programming, < means LESS THAN and > means GREATER THAN."
  74. SPACE,7,1
  75. 13,8,1,7,"But in DOS, these symbols mean REDIRECT.  This means to send"
  76. 13,39,14,7,"REDIRECT"
  77. 14,8,1,7,"information somewhere other than its normal direction."
  78. SPACE,7,1
  79. 16,8,5,7,"For example, we have discussed that COPY FILENAME PRN will send"
  80. 17,8,5,7,"the contents of a file to your printer.  You can do the same thing"
  81. 18,8,5,7,"with the following command:"
  82. 20,0,0,7,"TYPE FILENAME>PRN"
  83. SPACE,5,1
  84. 22,8,4,7,"This command tells the computer to REDIRECT your file to the printer."
  85. SPACE,7,1
  86. CLS,1,25,0,0
  87. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,0
  88. 2,0,7,0,"REVIEW ON COPY (in preparation for a new command or two)"
  89. 3,8,2,0,"Enter the command that will copy the file TEMP to the file FRIENDS."
  90. 4,8,3,0,"A>"
  91. INPUT,2,0,0,ANY
  92. IF,2,NOT,COPY TEMP FRIENDS,4,40,13,0,"TRY:  COPY TEMP FRIENDS"
  93. IF,2,NOT,COPY TEMP FRIENDS,INPUT,2,4,10,EXACT,COPY TEMP FRIENDS
  94. 5,8,3,0,"   1 file(s) copied"
  95. 6,8,3,0,"A>"
  96. SPACE,0,3
  97. 8,8,2,0,"There is another way this can be done.  If you think about it, you"
  98. 9,8,2,0,"have just sorted the FRIENDS file, created a new file called TEMP"
  99. 10,8,2,0,"and then copied that into the FRIENDS file.  But that leaves you"
  100. 11,8,2,0,"still with a file called TEMP that holds the exact information that"
  101. 12,8,2,0,"FRIENDS holds.  This causes a waste of valuable disk storage space."
  102. SPACE,0,2
  103. 14,8,5,0,"Another way you can do the same thing is to delete the FRIENDS file"
  104. 15,8,5,0,"and then rename the TEMP file to FRIENDS.  That way, you will wind"
  105. 16,8,5,0,"up with only one file that contains the desired information.  Let's"
  106. 17,8,5,0,"show you now how this is done."
  107. SPACE,0,5
  108. CLS,1,25,0,2
  109. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,2
  110. 3,0,5,2,"████   █████  █    "
  111. 4,0,5,2,"█   █  █      █    "
  112. 5,0,5,2,"█   █  ████   █    "
  113. 6,0,5,2,"█   █  █      █    "
  114. 7,0,5,2,"████   █████  █████"
  115. 9,8,0,2,"DEL stands for DELETE.  All you do is enter DEL FILENAME and the"
  116. 10,8,0,2,"computer will erase whatever file you have told it to erase.  You"
  117. 11,8,0,2,"can even use WILDCARDS (remember   * and ? ).  So if you told"
  118. 12,8,0,2,"the computer to DEL *.BAK it would erase all backup copies of your"
  119. 13,8,0,2,"files."
  120. SPACE,2,0
  121. 15,8,1,2,"Because of the power of this command, it is necessary to exercise"
  122. 16,8,1,2,"caution when using DEL.  History is silent regarding the computer"
  123. 17,8,1,2,"users who have spent long hours fruitlessly trying to reconstruct"
  124. 18,8,1,2,"files they have accidentally DELeted!"
  125. SPACE,2,1
  126. CLS,1,25,0,3
  127. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,3
  128. 3,8,0,3,"In the case of the TEMP to FRIENDS example, we need to first DELete"
  129. 4,8,0,3,"the FRIENDS file.  Go ahead and do so."
  130. 10,8,1,3,"A>"
  131. INPUT,2,0,0,ANY
  132. IF,2,NOT,DEL FRIENDS,10,40,14,3,"TRY:   DEL FRIENDS"
  133. IF,2,NOT,DEL FRIENDS,INPUT,2,10,10,EXACT,DEL FRIENDS
  134. 11,8,1,3,"A>"
  135. 20,8,0,3,"NOTE:  The computer doesn't tell you the file is deleted.  It just"
  136. 21,8,0,3,"does it and waits for your next command."
  137. SPACE,3,0
  138. CLS,1,25,0,1
  139. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,1
  140. 3,0,2,1,"█████  █████  █   █"
  141. 4,0,2,1,"█   █  █      ██  █"
  142. 5,0,2,1,"█████  ████   █ █ █"
  143. 6,0,2,1,"█  █   █      █  ██"
  144. 7,0,2,1,"█   █  █████  █   █"
  145. 9,8,3,1,"REN stands for RENAME.  This command is used to change the name of a"
  146. 10,8,3,1,"computer file.  Now rename the TEMP file to FRIENDS.  I know I"
  147. 11,8,3,1,"haven't told you how to do it, but can you figure it out?"
  148. 16,8,7,1,"A>"
  149. INPUT,2,0,0,ANY
  150. IF,2,NOT,REN TEMP FRIENDS,16,40,15,1,"TRY:   REN TEMP FRIENDS"
  151. IF,2,NOT,REN TEMP FRIENDS,INPUT,2,16,10,EXACT,REN TEMP FRIENDS
  152. 20,8,1,3,"VERY GOOD!  You have just deleted the old information and replaced"
  153. 21,8,1,3,"it with the new, sorted information!"
  154. SPACE,3,1
  155. CLS,1,25,0,4
  156. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,4
  157. 3,0,13,4,"█████  █   █  █████  █████  █████     █  █  █  █   █  █████  █████   █████"
  158. 4,0,13,4,"█      █   █  █      █      █         █  █  █  █   █  █   █    █     ▀   █"
  159. 5,0,13,4,"█  ██  █   █  ████   █████  █████     █  █  █  █████  █████    █       ███"
  160. 6,0,13,4,"█   █  █   █  █          █      █     █  █  █  █   █  █   █    █       ▀  "
  161. 7,0,13,4,"█████  █████  █████  █████  █████     ███████  █   █  █   █    █       █  "
  162. SPACE,4,0
  163. 9,8,7,4,"You have just learned how to do several valuable things on a computer."
  164. 10,8,7,4,"Let's count them off so you can pat yourself on the back!"
  165. SPACE,4,0
  166. 12,8,7,4,"1. Create a file                    COPY CON:filename"
  167. SPACE,4,7
  168. 14,8,7,4,"2. View a file                      TYPE filename"
  169. SPACE,4,7
  170. 16,8,7,4,"3. Delete an old file               DEL oldfile"
  171. SPACE,4,7
  172. 18,8,7,4,"4. Rename a file                    REN filename newname"
  173. SPACE,4,7
  174. 20,8,7,4,"5. Print a file on paper            COPY filename PRN"
  175. SPACE,4,7
  176. 23,0,27,4,"ISN'T THAT GREAT!  YOU CAN ACTUALLY USE A COMPUTER!!!"
  177. SPACE,4,7
  178. CLS,1,25,0,5
  179. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,5
  180. 3,0,7,5,"███████  █████  █████  █████       █████  █████  █   █  █████  █████"
  181. 4,0,7,5,"█  █  █  █   █  █   █  █           █        █    █   █  █      █    "
  182. 5,0,7,5,"█  █  █  █   █  █████  ████        █████    █    █   █  ████   ████ "
  183. 6,0,7,5,"█  █  █  █   █  █  █   █               █    █    █   █  █      █    "
  184. 7,0,7,5,"█  █  █  █████  █   █  █████       █████    █    █████  █      █    "
  185. 9,8,0,5,"Now we will fill in some areas that we haven't covered yet."
  186. 10,8,0,5,"The previous DOS commands were introduced in order to show you that"
  187. 11,8,0,5,"it's not difficult to accomplish something with a computer.  All it"
  188. 12,8,0,5,"takes is a little time and the patience to learn how to use it."
  189. 13,8,0,5,"These commmands were INTERACTIVE, which means they work together to"
  190. 14,8,0,5,"to accomplish a desired goal."
  191. SPACE,5,0
  192. 16,8,3,5,"The commands that follow are just as important, but they each have"
  193. 17,8,3,5,"a specific purpose.  They are STAND ALONE commands, which mean that"
  194. 18,8,3,5,"they aren't intended for use with other commands as we have just"
  195. 19,8,3,5,"demonstrated with COPY, TYPE, FIND, and SORT.  The stand alone"
  196. 20,8,3,5,"commands perform valuable functions that are necessary in themselves."
  197. SPACE,5,3
  198. CLS,1,25,0,6
  199. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,6
  200. 3,0,1,6,"████   █████  █████ █████       █   █████  █  ███████  █████"
  201. 4,0,1,6,"█   █  █   █    █   █          █      █    █  █  █  █  █    "
  202. 5,0,1,6,"█   █  █████    █   ████      █       █    █  █  █  █  ████ "
  203. 6,0,1,6,"█   █  █   █    █   █        █        █    █  █  █  █  █    "
  204. 7,0,1,6,"████   █   █    █   █████   █         █    █  █  █  █  █████"
  205. 9,8,7,6,"Many computers have REAL TIME CLOCKS built into them, which set the"
  206. 9,28,14,6,"REAL TIME CLOCKS"
  207. 10,8,7,6,"date and time automatically when the computer is turned on.  They are"
  208. 11,8,7,6,"called REAL TIME CLOCKS because they tell the REAL time, not an"
  209. 12,8,7,6,"approximated computer time (computers have their own internal clocks"
  210. 13,8,7,6,"which are not as accurate as a REAL TIME CLOCK.  It starts getting"
  211. 14,8,7,6,"technical from there)."
  212. SPACE,6,7
  213. 16,8,0,6,"If your computer does not have a real time clock, it is necessary to"
  214. 17,8,0,6,"set the date and time manually when you turn the computer on."
  215. 18,8,0,6,"BE SURE TO DO SO!!!  Files are date and time stamped as they are"
  216. 18,8,15,6,"BE SURE TO DO SO"
  217. 19,8,0,6,"updated.  If you do not set the date and time properly EVERY TIME"
  218. 20,8,0,6,"as a HABIT, the day will come when you will wish you had done so..."
  219. 21,8,0,6,"like when you are unsure about when you last worked on a project"
  220. 22,8,0,6,"and the date on your file reads 01-01-80."
  221. SPACE,6,0
  222. CLS,1,25,1,7
  223. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,7
  224. 3,8,4,7,"To set the date and time, just enter the commands DATE and TIME."
  225. 4,8,4,7,"The computer will display for you the current date and time, and"
  226. 5,8,4,7,"allow you to update them.  Let's try it now, date first:"
  227. 7,8,1,7,"A>"
  228. INPUT,2,7,10,ANY
  229. IF,2,NOT,DATE,7,40,5,7,"TRY:   DATE"
  230. IF,2,NOT,DATE,INPUT,2,7,10,EXACT,DATE
  231. 9,40,4,7,"(notice the format required)"
  232. 8,1,0,0,
  233. SHELL,DATE
  234. 15,8,4,7,"Very good.  Now try the time:"
  235. 16,8,1,7,"A>"
  236. INPUT,2,16,10,ANY
  237. IF,2,NOT,TIME,16,40,5,7,"TRY:   TIME"
  238. IF,2,NOT,TIME,INPUT,2,16,10,EXACT,TIME
  239. 18,40,4,7,"(note the time format)"
  240. 17,1,0,0,
  241. SHELL,TIME
  242. 21,8,1,7,"EXCELLENT!"
  243. SPACE,7,1
  244. CLS,1,25,0,0
  245. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,0
  246. 3,0,4,0,"█████  █████  █████  ███████  █████  █████"
  247. 4,0,4,0,"█      █   █  █   █  █  █  █  █   █    █  "
  248. 5,0,4,0,"████   █   █  █████  █  █  █  █████    █  "
  249. 6,0,4,0,"█      █   █  █  █   █  █  █  █   █    █  "
  250. 7,0,4,0,"█      █████  █   █  █  █  █  █   █    █  "
  251. 9,8,2,0,"The FORMAT command allows you to prepare a disk for use on your"
  252. 9,12,15,0,"FORMAT"
  253. 10,8,2,0,"computer.  When you purchase a disk from a computer store, it is"
  254. 11,8,2,0,"completely blank and cannot be recognized by the computer until it"
  255. 12,8,2,0,"is FORMATTED.  Formatting places invisible magnetic markers on the"
  256. 13,8,2,0,"disk so the computer knows where and how to store information."
  257. SPACE,0,2
  258. 15,8,3,0,"Your diskette is a round magnetic record that spins inside a plastic"
  259. 16,8,3,0,"protective jacket.  When the format occurs, it divides the diskette"
  260. 17,8,3,0,"into TRACKS... circular magnetic paths that go all the way around the"
  261. 17,13,15,0,"TRACKS"
  262. 18,8,3,0,"diskette (you can't see these TRACKS of course... they're magnetic)."
  263. SPACE,0,3
  264. 20,8,5,0,"Then the diskette is divided into literal magnetic pie slices to"
  265. 21,8,5,0,"further mark the tracks.  One pie slice on one track is called a"
  266. 22,8,15,0,"SECTOR."
  267. SPACE,0,3
  268. CLS,1,25,0,1
  269. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,1
  270. 3,0,5,1,"████   █████  █  █  █  █████  █████  █████  █  █  █"
  271. 4,0,5,1,"█   █  █      █  █  █  █   █  █   █  █      █  █  █"
  272. 5,0,5,1,"████   ████   █  █  █  █████  █████  ████   █  █  █"
  273. 6,0,5,1,"█   █  █      █  █  █  █   █  █  █   █             "
  274. 7,0,5,1,"████   █████  ███████  █   █  █   █  █████  █  █  █"
  275. 9,8,7,1,"Formatting a disk will erase all file locations, effectively erasing"
  276. 10,8,7,1,"the data that is currently on the disk.  So MAKE SURE you really"
  277. 11,8,7,1,"want to format a disk before you issue this command."
  278. SPACE,1,7
  279. 13,8,3,1,"Also be aware that on older versions of DOS (prior to 3.0) there is"
  280. 14,8,3,1,"no safeguard message, so as soon as the FORMAT command is entered,"
  281. 15,8,3,1,"the disk begins formatting.  This was a terrible situation for hard"
  282. 16,8,3,1,"disk users, who sometimes wanted to format a floppy and upon entering"
  283. 17,8,3,1,"an incorrect FORMAT command immediately erased their entire hard"
  284. 18,8,3,1,"disk!  In recent versions of DOS this has been corrected."
  285. SPACE,1,3
  286. CLS,1,25,0,2
  287. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,2
  288. 3,0,1,2,"FORMAT        FORMAT/S       /V"
  289. 5,8,0,2,"The FORMAT command works much like other commands.  Issue the FORMAT"
  290. 6,8,0,2,"command followed by the disk drive name.  For example, to format a"
  291. 7,8,0,2,"floppy disk on drive A you would enter:   FORMAT A:"
  292. SPACE,2,0
  293. 9,8,1,2,"There are basically two MAIN types of formatted diskette:"
  294. 10,0,11,2,"DATA DISK         SYSTEM DISK"
  295. 11,8,1,2,"Each of these disks may or may not have a VOLUME NAME.  Let's see"
  296. 12,8,1,2,"what this means."
  297. SPACE,2,0
  298. 14,8,1,2,"DATA DISKETTES contain only data and are NEVER used to boot the"
  299. 15,8,1,2,"computer.  They do not contain DOS and therefore allow the entire"
  300. 16,8,1,2,"diskette to be used for data.  These are formatted with   FORMAT A:"
  301. 16,66,15,2,"FORMAT A:"
  302. SPACE,2,1
  303. 18,8,0,2,"SYSTEM DISKETTES contain the Disk Operating System and required boot"
  304. 19,8,0,2,"files, as well as whatever programs you are using at the time.  Since"
  305. 20,8,0,2,"part of the disk is used by DOS itself, not as much disk area is"
  306. 21,8,0,2,"available for storage of information.  Format with  FORMAT A:/S"
  307. 21,60,15,2,"FORMAT A:/S"
  308. SPACE,2,0
  309. CLS,1,25,0,3
  310. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,3
  311. 3,0,11,3, "   SYSTEM DISK             DATA DISK  "
  312. 4,0,0,3, "▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓      █████████████████"
  313. 5,0,0,3, "▓▓▓▓▓▓ DOS ▓▓▓▓▓▓      █████████████████"
  314. 6,0,0,3, "░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░      █████████████████"
  315. 7,0,0,3, "░░░░ PROGRAM ░░░░      ███ FREE AREA ███"
  316. 8,0,0,3, "░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░      █████████████████"
  317. 9,0,0,3, "███ FREE AREA ███      █████████████████"
  318. 10,0,0,3,"█████████████████      █████████████████"
  319. 12,8,0,3,"If you are using a floppy disk computer rather than a hard disk"
  320. 13,8,0,3,"system, it is best to use one drive (usually drive A) for DOS and"
  321. 14,8,0,3,"programs, and the other drive (usually drive B) for storage of data."
  322. 15,8,0,3,"By doing this, you do not have to keep transferring copies of your"
  323. 16,8,0,3,"programs and DOS from disk to disk as one fills up.  This allows you"
  324. 17,8,0,3,"to conserve disk storage space and save money on diskettes."
  325. SPACE,3,0
  326. 19,8,1,3,"No matter which disk you are formatting, you can add /V to the"
  327. 20,8,1,3,"FORMAT command; this allows you to include a VOLUME NAME on the"
  328. 21,8,1,3,"diskette for easier identification at a later date."
  329. SPACE,3,1
  330. CLS,1,25,0,4
  331. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,4
  332. 3,8,7,4,"Let's try the FORMAT COMMAND now.  We want to format a System disk"
  333. 4,8,7,4,"with a volume name of TEST on drive A.  Can you figure out the proper"
  334. 5,8,7,4,"command in order to do this?"
  335. 7,8,0,4,"C>"
  336. INPUT,2,7,10,ANY
  337. IF,2,NOT,FORMAT A:/S/V,7,40,3,4,"TRY:   FORMAT A:/S/V"
  338. IF,2,NOT,FORMAT A:/S/V,INPUT,2,7,10,EXACT,FORMAT A:/S/V
  339. 8,8,0,4,"Insert new diskette for drive A:"
  340. 8,40,3,4,"<-- Don't do this for this example)"
  341. 9,8,0,4,"and strike ENTER when ready"
  342. 9,40,3,4,"<-- Go ahead and do this"
  343. INKEY,2,ANY
  344. 11,8,0,4,"Formatting..."
  345. SPACE,4,0
  346. 11,21,0,4,"Format complete"
  347. 11,40,3,4,"<-- Usually takes about 1.5 minutes"
  348. 12,8,0,4,"System transferred"
  349. 13,8,0,4,"Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)?"
  350. INPUT,2,13,54,ANY
  351. IF,2,NOT,TEST,13,65,3,4,"TRY: TEST"
  352. IF,2,NOT,TEST,INPUT,2,13,54,EXACT,TEST
  353. 15,11,0,4,"362496 bytes total disk space"
  354. 16,11,0,4," 62464 bytes used by system"
  355. 17,11,0,4,"300032 bytes available on disk"
  356. 18,8,0,4,"C>"
  357. SPACE,4,0
  358. 20,8,7,4,"VERY GOOD!  This simulated format session gives you an idea of how"
  359. 21,8,7,4,"the FORMAT command works.  If this had been a real session, you"
  360. 22,8,7,4,"would now have a formatted system diskette!"
  361. SPACE,4,0
  362. CLS,1,25,0,6
  363. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,6
  364. 3,0,15,6,"████    █   █████  █   █  █████  █████  █████  █   █"
  365. 4,0,15,6,"█   █   █   █      █  █   █      █   █  █   █  █   █"
  366. 5,0,15,6,"█   █   █   █████  ███    █      █   █  █████  █████"
  367. 6,0,15,6,"█   █   █       █  █  █   █      █   █  █        █  "
  368. 7,0,15,6,"████    █   █████  █   █  █████  █████  █        █  "
  369. 9,8,0,6,"Logic dictates that there HAS to be an easier way to copy an entire"
  370. 10,8,0,6,"diskette than by using FORMAT and COPY commands, especially for"
  371. 11,8,0,6,"users of single disk drives.  There is:   DISKCOPY.  This command"
  372. 12,8,0,6,"will make an exact duplicate of most diskettes."
  373. SPACE,6,0
  374. 14,8,7,6,"I say MOST because some diskettes are PROTECTED, which means they"
  375. 15,8,7,6,"have been formatted in a special manner that prevents them from"
  376. 16,8,7,6,"being copied.  This is usually done in order to protect copyright"
  377. 17,8,7,6,"interests.  There is a real problem in the computer field with"
  378. 18,8,7,6,"people stealing software (making unauthrorized copies).  Rather than"
  379. 19,8,7,6,"going into a long, drawn out moral story on the rights and wrongs,"
  380. 20,8,7,6,"suffice it to say that copying software for purposes other than"
  381. 21,8,7,6,"BACKUP BY THE PURCHASER is illegal and should be avoided.  Doing so"
  382. 22,8,7,6,"can result in serious legal problems... ESPECIALLY if you do so in"
  383. 23,8,7,6,"a BUSINESS environment.  In short-- if you need it, buy it."
  384. SPACE,6,7
  385. CLS,1,25,1,7
  386. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,7
  387. 3,8,1,7,"The syntax of the DISKCOPY command is:"
  388. 4,0,5,7,"DISKCOPY A: B:"
  389. 5,8,1,7,"Let's give it a try:"
  390. 7,8,1,7,"C:"
  391. INPUT,2,7,10,ANY
  392. IF,2,NOT,DISKCOPY A: B:,7,40,4,7,"TRY:  DISKCOPY A: B:"
  393. IF,2,NOT,DISKCOPY A: B:,INPUT,2,7,10,EXACT,DISKCOPY A: B:
  394. 8,8,1,7,"Insert SOURCE diskette in drive A:"
  395. 9,8,1,7,"Insert TARGET diskette in drive B:"
  396. 10,8,1,7,"Press any key when ready . . ."
  397. INKEY,2,ANY
  398. 12,8,1,7,"Copying 40 tracks"
  399. 13,8,1,7,"9 Sectors/Track, 2 Side(s)"
  400. SPACE,7,1
  401. 15,8,1,7,"Copy another diskette (Y/N)?                     Press N"
  402. INKEY,2,N
  403. 15,37,1,7,"N"
  404. 16,8,1,7,"C>"
  405. 18,8,5,7,"Very good.  If we had really done this, you would now have a second"
  406. 19,8,5,7,"diskette that was an exact duplicate of the first diskette.  This"
  407. 20,8,5,7,"works on single-disk systems as well, but it can involve quite a bit"
  408. 21,8,5,7,"of diskette swapping (depending on the amount of RAM you have in"
  409. 22,8,5,7,"your computer).  Unlike COPY, DISKCOPY uses as much RAM as possible"
  410. 23,8,5,7,"when copying disks, then turns it back over to the DOS when finished."
  411. SPACE,7,5
  412. CLS,1,25,0,0
  413. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,10,0
  414. 3,0,4,0,"████    █   █████  █   █  █████  █████  ███████  █████"
  415. 4,0,4,0,"█   █   █   █      █  █   █      █   █  █  █  █  █   █"
  416. 5,0,4,0,"█   █   █   █████  ███    █      █   █  █  █  █  █████"
  417. 6,0,4,0,"█   █   █       █  █  █   █      █   █  █  █  █  █    "
  418. 7,0,4,0,"████    █   █████  █   █  █████  █████  █  █  █  █    "
  419. 9,8,2,0,"But how do you know that the entire diskette copied correctly without"
  420. 10,8,2,0,"a single flaw?  The DISKCOMP command will help you find out.  It is"
  421. 11,8,2,0,"used in exactly the same way as DISKCOPY, but rather than copying a"
  422. 12,8,2,0,"diskette, it compares two diskettes to see if they are identical."
  423. SPACE,0,2
  424. 14,8,5,0,"If they are, DISKCOMP reports DISK OK and you know you have a good"
  425. 15,8,5,0,"copy.  If they are not identical, it will try and show you the"
  426. 16,8,5,0,"locations of the areas that are not the same.  This information is"
  427. 17,8,5,0,"usually so jumbled that you can't understand it, but it does let you"
  428. 18,8,5,0,"know that something isn't right.  If it is not right, you can make"
  429. 19,8,5,0,"another copy in the hopes that THIS TIME it will work.  You may even"
  430. 20,8,5,0,"try to make a copy on another diskette in case the first one is bad."
  431. SPACE,0,5
  432. CLS,1,25,1,7
  433. BOX,1,1,25,80,1,13,7
  434. 3,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █  █████"
  435. 4,0,4,7,"██  █  █       █ █     █  "
  436. 5,0,4,7,"█ █ █  ████     █      █  "
  437. 6,0,4,7,"█  ██  █       █ █     █  "
  438. 7,0,4,7,"█   █  █████  █   █    █  "
  439. 10,8,1,7,"This section has shown you several new DOS commands such as VERIFY,"
  440. 11,8,1,7,"TYPE>PRN, FIND, SORT, REN (rename), DEL (delete), DATE/TIME, FORMAT,"
  441. 12,8,1,7,"DISKCOPY, and DISKCOMP.  Next we will look into commands that"
  442. 13,8,1,7,"are used primarily on hard disk systems.  Press SPACE to continue"
  443. 14,8,1,7,"on, or ESC to stop the session here."
  444. SPACE,7,1
  445. PROG,CT5.DAT
  446.